The Genetic landscape of diabetes

Preface

1. Introduction to Diabetes

2. Genetic Factors in Type 1 Diabetes

3. Genetic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes

4. Other Types of Diabetes

5. Gestational Diabetes


1. Introduction to Diabetes

Classification
History of Diabetes
Epidemiology
Physiology and Biochemistry of Sugar Regulation
The Story of Insulin

2. Genetic Factors in Type 1 Diabetes

IDDM1 Contains the HLA Genes
IDDM2 Contains the Insulin Gene (INS)
Other Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility Loci: IDDM3IDDM18
An Inhibitor of the Immune Response (CTLA4)

3. Genetic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes

The Sulfonylurea Receptor (ABCC8)
The Calpain 10 Enzyme (CAPN10)
The Glucagon Receptor (GCGR)
The Enzyme Glucokinase (GCK)
The Glucose Transporter GLUT2
The Transcription Factor HNF4A
The Insulin Hormone (INS)
The Insulin Receptor (INSR)
The Potassium Channel KCNJ11
The Enzyme Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
The Transcription Factor PPARG
The Regulatory Subunit of a Phosphorylating Enzyme (PIK3R1)

4. Other Types of Diabetes

Genetic Defects of Beta Cell Function (MODY and Others)
MODY1: Caused by a Mutation in Transcription Factor HNF4A
MODY2: Caused by a Mutation in the Enzyme Glucokinase (GCK)
MODY3: Caused by a Mutation in Transcription Factor TCF1
MODY4: Caused by a Mutation in Transcription Factor IPF1
MODY5: Caused by a Mutation in Transcription Factor TCF2
MODY6: Caused by a Mutation in Transcription Factor NEUROD1
Genetic Defects in Insulin Action
Diseases in the Exocrine Pancreas
Diseases of the Endocrine System
Drug- or Chemical-induced Diabetes
Infections
Uncommon Forms of Immune-mediated Diabetes
Other Genetic Syndromes Sometimes Associated with Diabetes

5. Gestational Diabetes

The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes

Authors

Laura Dean, M.D. and Johanna McEntyre, Ph.D.

Laura Dean graduated from Cambridge University, England, with a medical doctorate in 2000. After completing a rotation of endocrinology, surgery, and general practice, Dr. Dean joined the Bookshelf as a visiting research fellow.

Johanna McEntyre gained a Ph.D. in biotechnology at Manchester Metropolitan University, England, and went on to be staff editor of Trends in Biochemical Sciences before joining the NCBI in 1997.

Acknowledgments

We thank Catherine McKeon, Ph.D., from the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, for her support and guidance.

We are grateful to the following individuals who kindly reviewed the content:

Beena Akolkar, Ph.D., National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH

Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, M.D., Professor and Chair of the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, and Chief, Division Of Epidemiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine

Inês Barroso, Ph.D., Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK

Nancy Cox, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago

Stefan Fajans, M.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan

Steven Gabbe, M.D., Dean of the School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University

Kai Ge, Ph.D., National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH

Anna Gloyn, Ph.D., Diabetes Research Laboratories, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford


Mark Goodarzi, M.D., Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Raghavan Raju, Ph.D., National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH

Copy editor: Belinda Beck

Graphic design: Todd Groesbeck



Preface

"The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes" is a guide to the variations in our DNA that may influence our risk of developing diabetes.

It is well known that a lifestyle of inactivity and excessive food intake plays an important part in diabetes risk. But diabetes is a genetic disease as well as a disease of lifestyle. Rare forms of diabetes are caused by a single gene mutation, but in most cases of diabetes, many genes are thought to be involved, together forming a "genetic risk".

Who should read this book?

Readers with an interest in science, patients with diabetes, physicians, high school students, and research scientists.

For patients and students, summaries provide outlines of the roles of genes, and background information introduces scientific information in a gradual way.

Research scientists and geneticists may be interested to read the "Molecular Information" for each gene. Here the book showcases the power and utility of NCBI tools for biomedical research. These tools include a gene "catalog" (Entrez Gene), the gene location (Map Viewer), searching for similar genes in other species (BLAST), and the latest research findings (PubMed and OMIM).

Why should you read this book?

"The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes" introduces the reader to what diabetes isfrom its discovery thousands of years ago to our modern-day understanding of how this disease, characterized by high blood sugar, develops.

The first chapter provides calculators that help you calculate your ideal body weight and BMI. Animated maps of the United States show the rise in obesity and diabetes.

Other chapters guide the reader through the genetic variations that may play roles in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and other types. The genes discussed encode proteins that have diverse functions in cellsfrom transcription factors that influence the expression of other genes, to ion channels that control the release of insulin, from transporters that pump glucose into cells, to enzymes that speed up the break down of glucose.

The book closes with "NIH lectures"videos of some of the most recent lectures given by researchers who have been invited to the NIH to discuss obesity and diabetes.

What makes this book unique?

The genetics of diabetes is complicatedbut this book is not and is written for a wide audience. Because what we know about the genetics of diabetes is continually changing, links to live searches of the latest published literature and data will keep this book up to date. All of the content (the online book and the PDFs) is free.

1. Introduction to Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, e.g., after a meal, it triggers the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood sugar level to decrease to normal levels.

In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high. This may be because insulin is not being produced at all, is not made at sufficient levels, or is not as effective as it should be. The most common forms of diabetes are type 1 diabetes (5%), which is an autoimmune disorder, and type 2 diabetes (95%), which is associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnancy, and other forms of diabetes are very rare and are caused by a single gene mutation.

For many years, scientists have been searching for clues in our genetic makeup that may explain why some people are more likely to get diabetes than others are. "The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes" introduces some of the genes that have been suggested to play a role in the development of diabetes.

2. Genetic Factors in Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its pancreatic beta cells. The onset of type 1 diabetes is attributed to both an inherited risk and external triggers, such as diet or an infection. The hunt for these genetic and enviromental risk factors is on-going.

About 18 regions of the genome have been linked with influencing type 1 diabetes risk. These regions, each of which may contain several genes, have been labeled IDDM1 to IDDM18.

The most well studied is IDDM1, which contains the HLA genes that encode immune response proteins. Variations in HLA genes are an important genetic risk factor, but they alone do not account for the disease and other genes are involved.

There are two other non-HLA genes which have been identified thus far. One of these non-HLA genes, IDDM2, is the insulin gene, and the other non-HLA gene maps close to CTLA4, which has a regulatory role in the immune response

3. Genetic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes has been loosely defined as "adult onset" diabetes, although as diabetes becomes more common throughout the world, cases of type 2 diabetes are being observed in younger people. It is increasingly common in children.

In determining the risk of developing diabetes, environmental factors such as food intake and exercise play an important role. The majority of individuals with type 2 diabetes are either overweight or obese. Inherited factors are also important, but the genes involved remain poorly defined.

In rare forms of diabetes, mutations of one gene can result in disease. However, in type 2 diabetes, many genes are thought to be involved. "Diabetes genes" may show only a subtle variation in the gene sequence, and these variations may be extremely common. The difficulty lies in linking such common gene variations, known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with an increased risk of developing diabetes.

One method of finding the diabetes susceptibility genes is by whole-genome linkage studies. The entire genome of affected family members is scanned, and the families are followed over several generations and/or large numbers of affected sibling-pairs are studied. Associations between parts of the genome and the risk of developing diabetes are looked for. To date only two genes, calpain 10 (CAPN10) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A), have been identified by this method.

4. Other Types of Diabetes

The vast majority of diabetes cases fall into the categories of type 1, type 2, and diabetes that occurs during pregnancy (gestational diabetes). However, up to 5% of cases have other specific causes and include diabetes that results from the mutation of a single gene.

5. Gestational Diabetes

During pregnancy there are many changes that take place in the mother's metabolisma rise in insulin resistance is one of these changes.

The placenta supplies a growing fetus with nutrients and produces a variety of hormones to maintain the pregnancy. Some of these hormones, such as human placental lactogen, have a blocking effect on insulin that usually begins 20 to 24 weeks into the pregnancy. The contra-insulin effect of placental hormones leads to higher levels of maternal blood glucose after eating (post-prandial levels) that may aid fetal growth.

Normally, the mother's beta cells can produce additional insulin to overcome the insulin resistance of pregnancy. As the placenta grows, more hormones are produced, and insulin resistance becomes greater. When the mother's production of insulin is not enough to overcome the effect of the placental hormones, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) results. GDM is defined as "carbohydrate intolerance of varying degrees of severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy" (1) GDM complicates 7% of all pregnancies in the United States (2) and is more common in populations with a higher rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans (3,4).

The main complications of GDM are increased fetal size, which may complicate delivery, and hypoglycemia in the baby immediately after delivery. Women with GDM generally have normal blood sugar levels during the critical first trimester (before the 13th week) of pregnancy. This is in contrast to patients with type 1 diabetes, where hyperglycemia in this period may cause congenital birth defects.

After a positive screening test, the diagnosis of GDM is made by a glucose tolerance test. In this test, a sugary drink is given, and a series of blood tests are taken at set time intervals (Table 1). If hyperglycemia is detected, treatment begins with a change in diet and an increase in exercise. If these lifestyle changes fail to control blood glucose levels, insulin therapy is started.

Women with pre-existing diabetes require higher doses of insulin during pregnancy because of the increase in insulin resistance. If their diabetes is usually controlled using oral hypoglycemic agents, they are usually transferred to insulin to enable better glucose control and because the safety of most hypoglycemic agents has not been studied in pregnancy.

GDM can disappear within hours of giving birth, depending on individual factors such as beta cell function and predisposing factors such as obesity. However, a significant portion of women go on to develop type 2 diabetes. Because GDM and type 2 diabetes both feature insulin resistance and share risk factors such as obesity, it is possible that these two conditions may also share diabetes susceptibility genes.

References

1. Metzger BE, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fourth International Workshop-Conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (suppl2):B161-B167. (PubMed)

2. Gabbe SG, Graves CR, et al. Management of diabetes mellitus complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102:857-868. (PubMed)

3. Engelgau MM, Herman WH, Smith PJ, et al. The epidemiology of diabetes and pregnancy in the U.S., 1988. Diabetes Care 1995; 18:1029-1033. (PubMed)

4. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 Suppl 1:S103-S105. (PubMed)

cancer medicine

Contributors

Preface

Part I Cardinal Manifestations

1Cardinal Manifestations of Cancer - James F. Holland.

Part II Scientific Foundation,

Section 1: Cancer Biology

2. Molecular Biology, Genomics, and Proteomics - Kornelia Polyak and Matthew Meyerson.
Overview: Gene Structure
General Techniques
Gene Analysis: DNA
Gene Expression: MRNA Transcript Analysis
Gene Expression: Protein Analysis
References

3. Cell Proliferation and Differentiation - Michael Andreeff, David W. Goodrich, and Arthur B. Pardee.
Proliferation
Apoptosis and Proliferation
Differentiation
Acknowledgment
References

4. Apoptosis and Cancer - John C. Reed.
Apoptosis Caused by Caspases
Caspase Activation Pathways: an Overview
Protein Domains Involved in Apoptosis Regulation
Signal Transduction and Apoptosis Dysregulation in Cancer
Therapeutic Opportunities from Apoptosis Research
Acknowledgments
References

5. Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in Cancer - Anna Bafico and Stuart A. Aaronson.
Background
Growth Factor Receptors with Tyrosine Kinase Activity
Classification of Growth Factors and Their Receptors
Abnormalities Associated with Growth Factors in Cancer Cells
Aberrations Affecting Growth Factor Receptors in Tumor Cells
Signaling Pathways of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
Implications for Cancer Therapy
References

6. Oncogenes - Marco A. Pierotti, Gabriella Sozzi, and Carlo M. Croce.
Discovery and identification of oncogenes
Mechanisms of oncogene activation
Oncogenes in the initiation and progression of neoplasia
Summary and conclusions
References

7. Tumor-Suppressor Genes - Ben Ho Park and Bert Vogelstein.
Genetic Basis for Tumor Development
Somatic Cell Genetic Studies of Tumorigenesis
RetinoblastomaA Paradigm for Tumor-Suppressor Gene Function
The p53 Gene
The INK4A Locus and the p16 INK4A and p19 ARF Genes
The APC Gene
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes
WT1 Gene
NF1 and NF2 Genes
VHL Gene
DNA Repair Pathway Genes
Candidate Tumor-Suppressor Genes
Summary
References

8. Recurring Chromosome Rearrangements in Human Cancer - Denise A. Levitan, Rita Nanda, Janet D. Rowley, and Olufunmilayo I. Olopade.
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Associated with Prior Cytotoxic Therapy
How And Why Recurring Chromosomal Abnormalities Occur
Acknowledgment
References

9. Biochemistry of Cancer - Raymond W. Ruddon.
Historical Perspectives
What Makes a Cancer Cell a Cancer Cell?
Acknowledgments
References

10. Invasion and Metastases - Lance A. Liotta and Elise C. Kohn.
Tumor-Host and Tumor-Stromal Interactions
Adhesion
Proteolysis
Tumor Cell Migration
Angiogenesis
Genetic Regulation of Invasion and Metastasis
Novel Technologies Advance Identification of Metastasis and Invasion-Promoting Genes and Gene Products
Invasion as a Therapeutic Molecular Target
Summary
References

11. Tumor Angiogenesis - Judah Folkman and Raghu Kalluri.
Historic background
Beginning of angiogenesis research
Acknowledgments
References

Section 2: Cancer Immunology

12. Tumor Antigens - Hassane M. Zarour, Albert DeLeo, Olivera J. Finn, and Walter J. Storkus.
Categories of Tumor Antigens
Melanoma Antigens
Cancer-Testis (CT) Antigens
Epithelial Tumor Antigens
Cell Cycle Regulatory Proteins as Tumor Antigens
Idiotypes as Tumor Antigens
Application of Tumor Antigens for Clinical Immunotherapy
Summary
Acknowledgments
References

13. Tumor Markers and Immunodiagnosis - William Bigbee and Ronald B. Herberman.
Categories and Applications of Tumor Markers
Traditional Tumor Markers
Characteristics of the Ideal Tumor Marker
Risk Markers
Screening and Early Detection Markers
Diagnostic Markers
Prognostic Markers
Therapy Selection and Response Markers
Recurrence and Metastasis Markers
Organ Site-Specific Markers
New Approaches and Technologies
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

14. Effectors of Immunity and Rationale for Immunotherapy - Theresa L. Whiteside and Ronald B. Heberman.
Antitumor Effector Cells in Humans
T Lymphocytes
Assessment of T-Cell Effectors in Patients with Cancer
Implications of Effector Cell Dysfunction in Cancer
Rationale for Immunotherapy of Cancer
References

15. Tumor-Associated Immunodeficiency and Implications for Tumor Development and Prognosis - William H. Chambers, Hannah Rabinowich, and Ronald B. Herberman.
Documentation of Immune Suppression in Cancer Patients
Mechanisms of Immunosuppression
Conclusions
References

Section 3: Cancer Etiology

16. Genetic Predisposition to Cancer - Marcia S. Brose, Thomas C. Smyrk, Barbara Weber, and Henry T. Lynch.
Genetic Basis of Cancer Syndromes
Cancer-Associated Genodermatoses
Other Cancers with Familial Clusterings
Clinical Translation
Conclusions/Future Directions
References

17. Chemical Carcinogenesis - Ainsley Weston and Curtis C. Harris.
Multistage Carcinogenesis
Gene-Environment Interactions and Interindividual Variation
Carcinogen Metabolism
DNA Damage and Repair
Mutator Phenotype
Clonal Evolution
Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes
Assessment of Causation by the Bradford-Hill Criteria
Implications for Molecular Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Cancer Prevention
Acknowledgments
References

18. Hormones and the Etiology of Cancer - Brian E. Henderson, Leslie Bernstein, and Ronald K. Ross.
Breast Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Adolescent and Young Adult Genital Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Osteosarcoma
Conclusion
References

19. Ionizing Radiation - John B. Little.
Development of Radiation Injury
Principal Cellular and Tissue Effects of Radiation
Molecular Mechanisms
Experimental Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis
Human Epidemiologic Studies
Risk Assessment
Acknowledgments
References

20. Ultraviolet Radiation Carcinogenesis - James E. Cleaver and David L. Mitchell.
Historical Perspective
Epidemiology
Genetic Factors in Skin Carcinogenesis
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Cockayne Syndrome
Trichothiodystrophy
Carcinogenesis
References

21. Physical Carcinogens - Morando Soffritti, Franco Minardi, and Cesare Maltoni.
Known Physical Carcinogens
Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
Electromagnetic Fields
Trauma
Conclusions
References

22. Tumor Viruses - Robert C. Gallo and Marvin S. Reitz.
Classification
Structure
Replication Cycle
Mechanisms of Oncogenesis
Endogenous Retroviruses
Retroviral Vectors and Gene Therapy
Conclusions
References

23. Herpesviruses - Jeffrey I. Cohen.
Properties of Herpesviruses
Oncogenic Features of Herpesviruses
Epstein-Barr Virus: An Oncogenic Human Herpesvirus
Human Herpesvirus 8 and Malignancies
Viral Proteins
Clinical Aspects
Oncogenic Potential of Other Human Herpesviruses
References

24. Papillomaviruses and Cervical Neoplasia - Christopher P. Crum and Catherine M. McLachlin.
Definitions, Tissue Specificity, and Mechanisms of Infection and Transformation
HPV and Human Genital Neoplasia
References

25. Hepatitis Viruses - Max W. Sung and Swan N. Thung.
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Hepatitis D Virus
Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis E Virus
Hepatitis F, G, and TT Viruses
References

26. Parasites - Piero Mustacchi.
Schistosomiasis and Cancer of the Bladder
Schistosomiasis and Cancer of Other Sites
East Asian Distomiasis
Malaria
American Burkitt Lymphoma
Cancer in Animals
References

Section 4: Cancer Epidemiology, Prevention, and Screening

27. Cancer Epidemiology - Michael J. Thun and Ahmedin Jemal.
Measures of Disease Occurrence
Cancer Surveillance
Survival of Patients with Cancer
Studies of Cancer Etiology
Descriptive Studies
Analytic Epidemiology
Measures of Association
Case-Control Studies
What Constitutes "Proof" in Epidemiologic Studies?
IARC Classification of Carcinogens
Summary
References

28. Prevention of Tobacco-Related Cancer - Paul F. Engstrom, Margie L. Clapper, and Robert A. Schnoll.
Physiochemical Composition of Tobacco Smoke
Carcinogenic and Genotoxic Effects of Tobacco Constituents
Genetic Variation in Cancer Susceptibility
Approaches for Smoking Cessation
Prevention of Tobacco Use
Summary
References

29. Nutrition in the Etiology and Prevention of Cancer - Steven K. Clinton, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Elizabeth C. Miller.
Methodologic Issues in Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Studies
Public Health Guidelines for Cancer Prevention
Summary of Research Efforts Focusing on Specific Cancers
Current Research
Survivorship: Diet and Nutritional Guidance During and Following Cancer Treatment
References

30. Chemoprevention of Cancer - Michael B. Sporn and Scott M. Lippman.
Agents for Chemoprevention and Their Mechanism of Action
Chemoprevention Trials
Chemoprevention and Overall Cancer Incidence
References

31. Cancer Screening and Early Detection - Robert A. Smith, Curtis J. Mettlin, and Harmon Eyre.
Key Criteria in the Decision to Screen
Methodologic Issues in the Evaluation of Early Detection Programs
Breast Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Lung Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
Oral Cancer
The Cancer-Related Checkup
Conclusion
References

Section 5: Clinical Trials and Outcomes Assessment

32. Theory and Practice of Clinical Trials - Marvin Zelen.
Types of Clinical Trials
Planning Clinical Trials
Data Collection and Forms Design
Experimental Design
Role of Compliance
Interim Analyses, Multiple Looks at Data, and Early Stopping
Strategy of Experimentation
Reporting of Clinical Trials
Statistical Models
Meta-analysis
Falsification of Data
References

Additional Reading

The following books contain good overall discussions of clinical trials.
The following books address special problems in clinical trials.

33. Statistical Innovations in Cancer Research - Donald Berry.
Bayesian Updating
Analysis Issues
Decision Analysis and Choosing Sample Size
Adaptive Designs of Clinical Trials
Auxiliary Variables, Biomarkers, and Biological Agents
Acknowledgements:
References

34. Outcomes Assessment - Jane C. Weeks.
Historical Perspective
Outcome Measures
Study Designs
Outcomes Studies in Oncology
Outcomes Management
Summary
References

Part III Cancer Diagnosis,

Section 6: Cancer Pathology

35. Principles of Cancer Pathology - James L. Connolly, Stuart J. Schnitt, Helen H. Wang, Janina A. Longtine, Ann Dvorak, and Harold F. Dvorak.
Tumor Structure and Tumor Stroma Generation
Role of the Surgical Pathologist in the Diagnosis and Management of the Cancer Patient
Summary and Conclusions
References

Section 7: Imaging

36. Principles of Imaging - Edward F. Patz.
References

36a. Imaging Cancer of Unknown Primary Site - Kitt Shaffer.
References

36b. Imaging Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System, Head, and Neck - Christopher J. Hurt, David M. Yousem, and Norman J. Beauchamp.
Central Nervous System
Head and Neck
Lymphadenopathy
Extramucosal Masses
Conclusion
References

36c. Imaging Neoplasms of the Thorax - Jeremy J. Erasmus and H. Page McAdams.
Lung Cancer
Mediastinal Masses
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Conclusion
References

36d. Imaging Neoplasms of the Abdomen and Pelvis - Haesun Choi, Evelyne Loyer, Harmeet Kaur, and Paul M. Silverman.
Gastrointestinal Tract
The Liver
Biliary Duct
Carcinoma of the Pancreas
Imaging of Renal and Adrenal Tumors
Tumors of the Female Reproductive Tract
Prostate
Conclusion
References

36e. Imaging of Musculoskeletal Neoplasms - R. Lee Cothran and Clyde A. Helms.
References

36f. Imaging the Breast - Lawrence W. Bassett, Karen Conner, and MS.
Types of Mammography
Standardized Mammography Reporting
The Normal Mammogram
The Abnormal Mammogram
Mammography for Preoperative Planning
Mammography of the Postsurgical Breast
Ultrasonography
Imaging-Guided Needle Biopsy of the Breast
Other Breast Imaging Modalities
References

36g. Ultrasonography: Its Role in Oncologic Imaging - Stephanie R. Wilson.
Recent Advances
Tumor Detection and Characterization
Small Parts Scanning
The Abdominal Organs
Gynecologic Organs
Prostatic and Transrectal Sonography
Central Nervous System Ultrasonography
Intraoperative Ultrasonography
Conclusion
References

36h. Radionuclide Imaging in Cancer Medicine - R. Edward Coleman.
Single-Photon Techniques
Positron Emission Tomography
Conclusion
References

36i. Perspectives in Imaging: Present and Future Prospects of Clinical Molecular Imaging - David Piwnica-Worms.
Clinical Molecular Imaging Today: PET and SPECT
On the Horizon: Imaging Gene Expression in vivo with Reporter Genes
On the Horizon: Clinical Molecular Imaging with Optical and MRI
Summary
Acknowledgments
References

37. Interventional Radiology for the Cancer Patenti - Marshall Hicks, Michael Wallace, and Sanjay Gupta.
Intra-arterial Therapy
Biopsy
Intratumoral Gene Therapy
Mechanical Devices
References

Part IV Therapeutic Modalities,

Section 8: Surgical Oncology

38. Principles of Surgical Oncology - Raphael E. Pollock and Donald L. Morton.
Historical Considerations
The Contemporary Role of Surgical Oncology
Combined Modality Therapy
Surgical Components of Cancer Management
Special Situations
References

Section 9: Radiation Oncology

39. Principles of Radiation Oncology - Arno J. Mundt, John C. Roeske, Theodore D. Chung, and Ralph R. Weichselbaum.
Physical Basis of Radiation Therapy
Treatment Planning and Delivery
Biologic Basis of Radiation Therapy
Future Directions
References

40. Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer - Tayyaba Hasan, Bernhard Ortel, Anne C.E. Moor, and Brian W. Pogue.
History
Overview
Basics of Light and PDT-Related Photochemistry
Photosensitizers
Photosensitizer Transport and Distribution
Biologic Mechanisms of PDT
Photodynamic Therapy Dosimetry
Photodynamic Therapy with Targeted Molecular Delivery Systems
Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References

41. Hyperthermia - Mark W. Dewhirst, Ellen Jones, Thaddeus Samulski, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Chuan Li, and Leonard Prosnitz.
The Biology of Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia and Physiology
Physiologic Approaches to Enhance Thermal Cytotoxicity
Hyperthermia and Chemotherapy
Hyperthermia Physics
Clinical Hyperthermia
Acknowledgments
References

Section 10: Medical Oncology

42. Principles of Medical Oncology - James F. Holland, Emil Frei, Donald W. Kufe, and Robert C. Bast.
Medical Oncologist's Role
Clinical Responsibilities
Cancer Prevention
Clinical Research
Fundamental Science, Clinical Science, and Medical Art
Chemotherapy Trials
Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Surrogate End Points
Palliative Therapy
Laws of Therapeutics
Truth Telling
Resuscitation
Burnout
Nomenclature: Systeme Internationale (SI) Units
Summary
References

Section 11: Chemotherapy

43. Cytokinetics - Chau Dang, Teresa A. Gilewski, Antonella Surbone, and Larry Norton.
Cell Proliferation
Growth Curve Analysis
Conclusion
References

44. Principles of Dose, Schedule, and Combination Therapy - Emil Frei and Joseph Paul Eder.
Dose
Schedule of Drug Administration
Combination Chemotherapy
References

45. Preclinical and Early Clinical Development of New Anticancer Agents - Daniel D. Von Hoff and Axel-R. Hanauske.
Evolution of the Discovery Process
Preparation of Agents for Clinical Trials
Early Clinical Trials
References

46. Pharmacology - Mark J. Ratain and William K. Plunkett.
General Mechanisms of Drug Action
Principles of Pharmacokinetics
Principles of Pharmacodynamics
References

47. Regional Chemotherapy - Maurie Markman.
Pharmacokinetic Rationale for Regional Chemotherapy
Mathematical Model Describing Regional Anticancer Drug Delivery
Theoretical Concerns with Regional Antineoplastic Drug Therapy
Practical Issues Associated with Regional Anticancer Drug Delivery
Clinical Examples of Regional Antineoplastic Drug Delivery
Conclusion
References

48. Drug Resistance and Its Clinical Circumvention - Jeffrey Moscow, Charles S. Morrow, and Kenneth H. Cowan.
General Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
Resistance to Multiple Drugs
Resistance Factors Unique to Tumor Cells In Vivo: Host-Tumor-Drug Interactions
Potential Clinical Application of Strategies to Avert or Overcome Drug Resistance
Conclusion and Future Directions
References

Section 12: Chemotherapeutic Agents

49. Folate Antagonists - Barton A. Kamen, Peter D. Cole, and Joseph R. Bertino.
Historical Overview
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics of MTX
Inadvertent Drug Interactions with MTX
Clinical Application
Adverse Effects
Resistance to Antifolates
Strategies to Overcome Resistance to MTX Using New (or Older) AntiFols
References

50. Pyrimidine and Purine Antimetabolites - Giuseppe Pizzorno, Robert B. Diasio, and Yung-Chi Cheng.
Pyrimidine Analogs
Purine Analogs
References

51. Alkylating Agents and Platinum Antitumor Compounds - Michael Colvin.
Alkylating Agents
References

52. Anthracyclines and DNA Intercalators/Epipodophyllotoxins/ Camptothecins/DNA Topoisomerases - Eric H. Rubin and William N. Hait.
Topoisomerase Biology
How Drugs "Poison" Topoisomerases
Cellular Response to Topoisomerase-Mediated DNA Damage
Mechanisms of Resistance to Topoisomerase Targeting
Intercalating Drugs that Target Topoisomerases
Nonintercalating Topoisomerase-Targeting Drugs
References

53. Microtubule-Targeting Natural Products - Eric Rowinsky.
Microtubules as Strategic Targets Against Cancer
The Vinca Alkaloids
The Taxanes
Novel Compounds Targeting Microtubules and Related Organelles
References

54. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Kinases in the Treatment of Human Cancer - Michael C. Heinrich, Charles D. Blanke, Christopher L. Corless, and Brian J. Druker.
Strategies to Inhibit Tyrosine Kinases
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Targeting Considerations
KIT as a Therapeutic Target
PDGF Receptors as Therapeutic Targets
ARG (Abelson-Related Gene) as a Therapeutic Target
Toxicity of TKIs
Considerations in Clinical Trial Design for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
References

Section 13: Biotherapeutics

55. Asparaginase - Joanne Kurtzberg, David Yousem, and Norman Beauchamp.
Mechanism of Action, Chemistry, and In Vitro Activity
Conclusions
References

56. Interferons - Ernest C. Borden.
Molecules: Their Induction, Receptors, and Gene Regulation
Mechanisms of Antitumor Action
Angiogenesis Inhibition
Antitumor Effects in Humans
Perspective
References

57. Cytokines: Biology and Applications in Cancer Medicine - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu and Elizabeth A. Grimm.
Interleukin-2
Interleukin-12
Tumor Necrosis Factor-a
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-6
Interleukin-4
Colony-Stimulating Factors
Cytokines Considered for Clinical Application or in Early Trials
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

58. Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Razelle Kurzrock.
Hematopoiesis and the role of growth factors
Erythropoietin
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Stem cell factor
Thrombopoietin
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-2
Interleukin-3
Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13
Interleukin-5
Interleukin 6
Interleukin-7
Interleukin-8
Interleukin-9
Interleukin-11
Interleukin-15
Interleukin-16
Interleukin-17
Interleukin-18
Other Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Use of hematopoietic growth factors after chemotherapy
Hematopoietic growth factors in the transplantation setting
Thrombopoietic agents in the clinic: an overview
Hematopoietic growth factors in bone marrow failure states
Future perspectives
References

59. Monoclonal Serotherapy - Robert C. Bast, Christina A. Kousparou, Agamemnon A. Epenetos, Michael R. Zalutsky, Robert J. Kreitman, Edward A. Sausville, and Arthur E. Frankel.
Therapy with Unmodified Monoclonal Antibodies
Barriers to Successful Serotherapy
Elimination of Malignant Cells from Bone Marrow Ex Vivo
Therapy with Drug-Monoclonal Antibody Conjugates
Radioimmunotherapy of Cancer
Targeted Toxins
Conclusions
References

60. Vaccines and Immunostimulants - Jeffrey Schlom and Scott I. Abrams.
Targets for Vaccine Therapy
Issues in Cancer Vaccine Development
Problem Areas in Immunotherapy
Types of Vaccines
Diversified Prime and Boost Immunization Strategies
Immunostimulants/Cytokines
T-Cell Costimulation
Adoptive Transfer
Vaccine Clinical Trials
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

Section 14: Endocrine Therapy

61. Hypothalamic and Other Peptide Hormones - Andrew V. Schally and Ana Maria Comaru-Schally.
Analogs of Peptide Hormones
Agonists of LHRH
LHRH Antagonists
Mode of Action of LHRH Analogs
Somatostatin Analogs
Antagonists of Bombesin and Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Antagonists of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
Treatment of Various Tumors with Peptide Analogs
Tumors Producing Hypothalamic Hormones
References

62. Corticosteroids - Lorraine I. McKay and John A. Cidlowski.
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Control of Corticosteroid Secretion
Pharmacokinetics of Corticosteroids
Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors
Pharmaceutical Derivatives
Physiologic and Pharmacologic Effects of Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Neoplasms
References

63. Estrogens and Antiestrogens - Craig V. Jordan.
Tamoxifen
New Agents
Conclusion
References

64. Aromatase Inhibitors - Aman U. Buzdar and Harold A. Harvey.
Biology of Aromatase
Historical Development of Aromatase Inhibitors
Development of Improved Aromatase Inhibitors
Classification
Selection of Patients for Aromatase Inhibition Therapy
Future Perspectives in the Clinical Development of Aromatase Inhibitors
Summary
References

65. Progestins - Kenneth S. McCarty, Mark Nichols, and Kenneth S. McCarty.
Physiology
Pharmacology
Clinical Observations on Progestin Receptor and Target Tissue Responses to Progestins
Conclusion
References

66. Androgen Deprivation Strategies in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer - Samuel R. Denmeade and John T. Isaacs.
Cellular Organization of the Normal Prostate
Definition of Androgen Responsiveness on a Cellular Basis
Mechanism of Androgen Action
Overview of Regulation of Systemic Androgen Levels
Pharmacologic Approaches to Lower Circulating Androgen
Androgen Deprivation Strategies for the Treatment of Recurrent and Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Alternative Strategies for Androgen Deprivation
Conclusion
References

Section 15: Gene Therapy

67. Cancer Gene Therapy - Sunil J. Advani, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, and Donald W. Kufe.
Gene Delivery Systems
Therapeutic Genes
Selective Gene Expression
Viral Oncolysis
References

Section 16: Bone Marrow Transplantation

68. Autologous Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation - William P. Peters, Roger Dansey, and Roy D. Baynes.
Rationale and Requirements for Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Principles
Dose Intensity
Combination Chemotherapy
Volume of Disease
Procedure
Specific Diseases
Autoimmune Diseases
Toxicities
Immune Function Posttransplant
Organ Toxicity
Future Directions
References

69. Hematopoietic Cellular Transplantation - Richard Champlin.
Hematopoietic Transplantation as Treatment for Malignancies
Donor Selection
Engraftment of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplants
Cell Sources for Hematopoietic Transplantation
Autologous Transplantation, Tumor Cell Contamination, and Purging
Selection of Autologous or Allogeneic Transplantation
Complications of Hematopoietic Transplantation
Indications for Hematopoietic Transplantation
Future Directions
References

Part V Multidisciplinary Management,

Section 17: Psycho-Oncology

70. Psycho-Oncology - Jimmie C. Holland and Jane Gooen-Piels.
Historical Perspective
Hearing the Diagnosis
Factors in Adaptation to Cancer
Psychosocial Problems
Guidelines for Recognition of Psychosocial Distress
Psychiatric Disorders
Summary
References

Section 18: Oncology Nursing

71. Principles of Oncology Nursing - Paula Trahan Rieger and Connie Henke Yarbro.
Oncology Nursing as a Specialty
Role of the Oncology Nurse
Survivorship
Advanced Practice in Oncology Nursing
Nursing Shortage
Summary
References

Section 19: Cancer Rehabilitation Medicine

72. Principles of Cancer Rehabilitation Medicine - Kristjan T. Ragnarsson and David C. Thomas.
Application of Rehabilitation Concepts
The Cancer Rehabilitation and Adaptation Team
Functional Assessment
The Rehabilitation Process
Cancer of the Brain
Cancer of the Spine
Cancer of the Head and Neck
Cancer of the Lung
Cancer of the Breast
Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Cancer of the Genitourinary System
Cancer of the Limbs
Conclusion
References

Section 20: Multidisciplinary Management

73. Principles of Multidisciplinary Management - James F. Holland, Emil Frei, Donald W. Kufe, Robert C. Bast, Raphael E. Pollock, and Ralph R. Weichselbaum.
The Primary Physician
The Radiologist
The Pathologist
The Surgical Oncologist
The Anesthesiologist
The Medical Oncologist
The Radiation Oncologist
The Gynecologic Oncologist
The Neurosurgeon
The Pediatric Oncologist
The Psycho-oncologist
The Rehabilitation Specialist
The Oncology Nurse
The Oncology Pharmacist
Nonmedical Professionals
Family Members

74. Cancer and Pregnancy - Richard L. Theriault, Karin M.E.H. Gwyn, and Gabriel N. Hortobagyi.
Cancer and Pregnancy Epidemiology
Diagnosis and Staging
Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy
Specific Cancers
Outcome of Children Exposed to Cancer Therapy In Utero
Conclusion
References

75. Cancer and Aging - Arti Hurria, Hyman B. Muss, and Harvey J. Cohen.
Life Expectancy and Aging
The Biology of Cancer and Aging
Physiologic Changes with Aging
The Frail Older Patient
Evaluation of the Older Patient: Geriatric Assessment
Functional Status
CoMorbid Medical Conditions
Nutrition
Cognition
Psychological State and Social Support
Medication Review: Evaluation for Polypharmacy
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
Knowledge about Older Cancer Patients: UnderRepresentation on Clinical Trials
Understanding Barriers to Clinical Trial Enrollment
Treatment Tolerance of the Older Patient
Conclusions
References

76. Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies - Barrie R. Cassileth and Andrew Vickers.
The Evolution of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Terminology and Definitions
Impact on the Healthcare System
CAM Use and Users
Mainstream Acceptance of CAM
CAM Therapies and Practitioners
CAM Practitioners and Practices
CAM Research Issues
References

Recommended Books

Section 21: Pain and Palliation

77. Palliative Care - Natalie Moryl, Alan C. Carver, and Kathleen M. Foley.
The Role of the Oncologist
Suffering in the Patient, Family, and Physician
Guidelines in the Care of the Dying Patient
A Legal Mandate for Palliative Care
Conclusion: The Need for Education and Training in End-of-Life Care
References

78. Management of Cancer Pain - Alan C. Carver and Kathleen M. Foley.
Scope of the Problem
Barriers to Cancer Pain Management
Mechanisms of Cancer Pain
Types of Pain
Strategy for Assessment and Treatment
Therapeutic Approaches to Cancer Pain
Psychological and Behavioral Approaches
Anesthetic Approaches
Neurosurgical Approaches
Sedation in the Imminently Dying
Defining the Cancer Pain Research Agenda
References

Section 22: Societal Oncology

79. Ethics in Oncology - Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Steven Joffe.
Informed Consent
Human Subjects Research
Terminating Medical Care
Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Financial Incentives
Confidentiality
Ethical Issues in Cancer Genetics
References

80. Cancer and the Law - Joseph M. Taraska.
Elements of Liability
Preventing Legal Complications
Consent
For Whose Acts Must the Physician Respond?
The Physician as an Expert Witness
Managed Care
Withdrawing Life Support/ Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
References

81. The Government and Cancer Medicine - Anna D. Barker and Hamilton Jordan.
Cancer: A Major National Healthcare Priority
Legislative History of the National Cancer Program
Federal Support for the National Cancer Program
Return on Investment from Federal Funds
Public Attitudes Concerning Cancer
The Cancer Advocacy Movement
Federal Policies and Cancer Research
The Future
References

82. Clinical Oncology in a Changing Healthcare Environment - Martin N. Raber and Joseph P. Bailes.
Effects of Managed Care on the Providers of Care (Physicians and Hospitals)
Effects of Managed Care on Insurers
Effects of Managed Care on Employers
Effects of Managed Care on Government Programs
Effects of Managed Care on Patients and Patient Care
Implications for Cancer Care
Demands of Patients Facing Terminal Illnesses
Current Strategies for the Delivery of Cancer Care
Future Directions in Healthcare Reform
References

Part VI Cancer Management,

Section 23: Central Nervous System

83. Primary Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System - Edward Pan and Michael D. Prados.
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Molecular Genetics
Familial Tumors Syndromes of the Central Nervous system
Histopathology of Neuro-epithelial Central Nervous system Tumors
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Neuroimaging
Surgical Diagnosis and Resection
Cortical Mapping and Interactive Image-Guided Resections
Postoperative Imaging
Clinical Trials
Glioblastoma Multiforme and Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
Low-Grade Gliomas
Ependymoma
Spinal Cord Tumors
Adult Medulloblastomas
Other Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References

84. Brain Metastases - Lisa M. DeAngelis and Jerome B. Posner.
Pathophysiology of the Metastatic Process
Treatment
References

Section 24: The Eye

85. Neoplasms of the Eye - David H. Abramson, Amy C. Schefler, Ira J. Dunkel, Beryl McCormick, and Kip W. Dolphin.
Pediatric Ophthalmic Oncology: Ocular Diseases
Pediatric Ophthalmic Oncology: Orbital Diseases
Adult Ophthalmic Oncology: Ocular Diseases
Adult Ophthalmic Oncology: Orbital Diseases
Adult Ophthalmic Oncology: Lid Disease
Ophthalmic Complications of Radiation and Chemotherapy
References

Section 25: Endocrine Glands

86. Neoplasms of the Endocrine Glands: Pituitary Neoplasms - Chirag D. Gandhi and Kalmon D. Post.
PrL-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
GH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
ACTH-Secreting Adenomas
Gonadotropin-Secreting and Nonsecreting Pituitary Adenomas
TSH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
References

87. Neoplasms of the Thyroid - Steven I. Sherman and Ann M. Gillenwater.
Diagnostic Evaluation of the Solitary Thyroid Nodule
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
References

88. Neoplasms of the Adrenal Cortex - David E. Schteingart.
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Imaging Characterization
Staging
Pathologic Diagnosis
Carcinoma Management
Long-term Treatment Outcome
Adrenal Function Inhibitors in Treatment
Future Prospects
References

89. Neoplasms of the Diffuse Endocrine System - Larry K. Kvols.
Endocrine Neoplasms of the Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) System
Parathyroid carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes
Men 2A, 2B, and Non-Men Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
References

Section 26: Head and Neck

90. Neoplasms of the Head and Neck - Eduardo M. Diaz, Erich M. Sturgis, George E. Laramore, Anita L. Sabichi, Scott M. Lippman, and Gary Clayman.
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathologic Assessment
Diagnosis and Staging
Treatment
References

91. Odontogenic Tumors - Lewis Clayman.
Ectodermal Tumors
Odontogenic Tumors Derived from Mesoderm
Tumors Arising from the Periodontal Membrane
Mixed Ectodermal-Mesodermal Odontogenic Tumors
Ameloblastic Odontoma (Odontoameloblastoma)
Malignant Odontogenic Tumors
References

Section 27: The Thorax

92. Cancer of the Lung - Ara A. Vaporciyan, Merrill S. Kies, Craig W. Stevens, Ritsuko Komaki, and Jack A. Roth.
Historical note
Factors associated with the development of lung cancer
Molecular pathogenesis
Natural history
Performance status
Therapy for NSCLC
Therapy for SCLC
Conclusion and Future Prospects
References

93. Malignant Mesothelioma - A. Philippe Chahinian and Harvey I. Pass.
Historical Perspective
Incidence and Epidemiology
Etiology
Other Etiologic Factors
Pathology
Clinical Features
Prognostic Factors
Other Types of Malignant Mesotheliomas
Benign Mesotheliomas
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prospectus and Prevention
References

94. Thymomas and Thymic Tumors - A. Philippe Chahinian.
Epidemiology and Etiology
Anatomic Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Associated Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Staging
Therapy
References

95. Tumors of the Heart and Great Vessels - A. Philippe Chahinian, David E. Gutstein, and Valentin Fuster.
Cardiac Tumors
Tumors of the Great Vessels
References

96. Primary Germ Cell Tumors of the Thorax - John D. Hainsworth and F. Anthony Greco.
Benign Teratomas of the Mediastinum
Malignant Germ Cell Tumors
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of the Mediastinum
References

97. Metastatic Tumors in the Thorax - Donald L. Morton and Katharine Yao.
Molecular and Genetic Basis for Pulmonary Metastases
Diagnosis and Imaging
Nonsurgical Treatment of Pulmonary Metastases
Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Metastases
Pediatric Tumors
Summary
References

Section 28: Gastrointestinal Tract

98. Neoplasms of the Esophagus - Stephen G. Swisher, Jaffer A. Ajani, Ritsuko K. Komaki, and Mark K. Ferguson.
Anatomy and histology
Etiology
Epidemiology
Presentation
Treatment overview
Diagnosis
Pretreatment Assessment
Staging evaluation
Therapy
Single-agent chemotherapy
Palliative therapy of esophageal obstruction
References

99. Gastric Cancer - Paul F. Mansfield, James C. Yao, and Christopher H. Crane.
Epidemiology
Etiology
Proximal Gastric Cancer
Histology
Clinical Manifestations
Pattern of Spread
Molecular Biology of Gastric Cancer
Pathologic and Clinical Staging
Therapy of Locoregional Disease
Chemoradiotherapy for Gastric Cancer
Adjuvant Therapy
Preoperative Chemotherapy
Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy
Palliative Therapy for Advanced Disease
Symptom Management
Obstruction/Dysphagia/ Early Satiety
Nutrition
Conclusions
References

100. Primary Neoplasms of the Liver - Paul F. Engstrom, Elin R. Sigurdson, Alison A. Evans, and James F. Pingpank.
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Molecular Pathogenesis
Prevention
Clinical Presentation
Pathologic Diagnosis
Staging and Prognosis
Imaging Modalities
Management
Other Primary Hepatic Neoplasms
References

101. Treatment of Liver Metastases - Nancy E. Kemeny and Yuman Fong.
Imaging Techniques
Liver resection
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Systemic chemotherapy
Hepatic arterial chemotherapy
Cryosurgery
Radiofrequency ablation
Embolization
Chemoembolization
Radiation therapy
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection
Summary
References

102. Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancer - Steven A. Curley.
Gallbladder Cancer
Bile Duct Cancer
References

103a. Neoplasms of the Exocrine Pancreas - Robert A. Wolff, James Abbruzzese, and Douglas B. Evans.
Epidemiology
Pathology
Symptom patterns
Diagnostic imaging
Biliary drainage
Treatment of localized, potentially resectable disease
Treatment of locally advanced disease
Treatment of metastatic disease
References

103b. Neoplasms of the Ampulla of Vater - Tina W.F. Yen, Robert A. Wolff, and Douglas B. Evans.
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
Associated Syndromes
Conclusions
References

104. Neoplasms of the Small Intestine - Elizabeth G. Grubbs and Douglas S. Tyler.
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Imaging
Treatment
References

105. Neoplasms of the Vermiform Appendix and Peritoneum - Elizabeth G. Grubbs and Douglas S. Tyler.
Tumors of the Appendix
Neoplasms of the Peritoneum
References

106. Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum - Miguel A. Rodriguez-Bigas, Edward H. Lin, and Christopher H. Crane.
Pathology
Staging
Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer
Epidemiologic Risk Factors
Genetic Pathways in Colorectal Cancer
Tumor Markers
Molecular Markers for Prognosis
Colorectal Cancer Screening and Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer
Surgical Anatomy
Colorectal Cancer Management
Surgical Management of Colorectal Cancer
Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer
Immunotherapy
Stage IV Colorectal Cancer
Future Directions
References

107. Neoplasms of the Anus - Brenda Shank, Warren E. Enker, and Marshall S. Flam.
Gross and Microscopic Anatomy
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathology
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
Melanoma
References

Section 29: Genitourinary Tract

108. Renal Cell Carcinoma - Jerome P. Richie and Philip W. Kantoff.
Pathogenesis
Incidence
Etiology
Molecular Biology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Evaluation
Staging and Grading
Surgical Treatments
Adjuvant Therapy
Treatment of Metastatic Disease
Surgical Considerations for Metastatic Disease
Sarcomas of Renal Origin
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Renal Oncocytoma
References

109. Neoplasms of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter - Jerome P. Richie and Philip W. Kantoff.
Etiologic Factors
Histopathology
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
Prognosis
Secondary Tumors of the Ureter
References

110. Bladder Cancer - Timothy D. Gilligan, Graeme S. Steele, Anthony L. Zietman, and Philip W. Kantoff.
Epidemiology
Biology
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Evaluation
Staging
Superficial Bladder Carcinoma
Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Chemotherapy for Metastatic Disease
Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
References

111. Neoplasms of the Prostate - William K. Oh, Mark Hurwitz, Anthony V. D'Amico, Jerome P. Richie, and Philip W. Kantoff.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Biology of Prostate Cancer
Screening for Prostate Cancer
Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer
Prognostic Factors in Localized Prostate Cancer
Management of Localized Prostate Cancer
Radiation Therapy
Comparison of Treatment Options for Localized Prostate Cancer
Management of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
Management of Disseminated Cancer
Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer
New Approaches to Prostate Cancer Therapy
References

112. Tumors of the Penis and Urethra - Donald F. Lynch.
Cancer of the Penis
Carcinoma of the Urethra
References

113. Testis Cancer - Nasser Hanna, Robert Timmerman, Richard S. Foster, Bruce J. Roth, Lawrence H. Einhorn, and Craig R. Nichols.
Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Presentation
Staging
Therapy
Therapy for Disseminated Disease
Treatment of Good-Risk Disseminated Germ Cell Tumors
Treatment of Patients with "Poor-Risk" Disseminated Disease
High-Dose Chemotherapy as Initial Salvage Therapy
Treatment of Multiply Recurrent Germ Cell Cancer
Special Situations
Long-Term Toxicity of Chemotherapy
Long-Term Toxicity of Radiation Therapy
Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors
Unrecognized Germ Cell Tumor Syndrome
Acknowledgment
References

Section 30: Female Reproductive Organs

114. Neoplasms of the Vulva and Vagina - Jacob Rotmensch and S. Diane Yamada.
Cancer of the Vulva
Cancer of the Vagina
References

115. Neoplasms of the Cervix - Anuja Jhingran, Patricia J. Eifel, J. Taylor Wharton, and Guillermo Tortolero-Luna.
Epidemiology
Histologic classification of epithelial tumors
Natural history of carcinomas of the uterine cervix
Diagnosis and treatment of precancerous lesions
Diagnosis and treatment of invasive lesions
Radiation therapy
Current practice by disease stage
Future opportunities
References

116. Endometrial Cancer - Jamal Rahaman and Carmel J. Cohen.
Risk Factors
Pathology
Diagnosis
Staging
Prognostic Factors
Oncogene Activation and Loss of Tumor-Suppressor Function
Treatment of Primary Disease
Treatment of Recurrent Disease
Future
References

117. Neoplasms of the Fallopian Tube - Carmel J. Cohen and Jamal Rahaman.
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Preoperative Diagnosis
Clinicopathologic Classification and Staging
Patterns of Spread
Prognostic Factors
Treatment
Prognosis
Other Malignant Fallopian Tube Neoplasms
References

118. Ovarian Cancer - Jonathan S. Berek and Robert C. Bast.
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Nonepithelial Ovarian Cancer
References

119. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - Ross S. Berkowitz and Donald P. Goldstein.
Historical Perspective
Epidemiology
Histopathologic Classification of GTD
Molecular Pathogenesis
Natural History
Diagnosis
Staging
Therapy
Results of Therapy
Subsequent Pregnancies
Second Cancers
References

120. Gynecologic Sarcomas - Jamal Rahaman and Carmel J. Cohen.
Clinical Profile
Diagnosis
Sarcoma-Like Variants
Patterns of Spread
Prognostic Factors and Prognosis
Nonuterine Gynecologic Sarcomas
Surgical Treatment
Postsurgical Therapy for Gynecologic Sarcomas
Hormone Therapy
Radiation Therapy for Leiomyosarcoma
Radiation Therapy for Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors
Chemotherapy
Combination Therapy
References

Section 31: The Breast

121. Neoplasms of the Breast - Richard G. Margolese,, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi,, and Thomas A. Buchholz,.
Pathology
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Breast Cancer Biology
Natural History and Prognostic Markers
Diagnosis and Screening
Staging and Classification
Psychosocial Aspects of Breast Cancer
Surgical Biology
The Role of Radiation for invasive Breast Cancer
Systemic Therapy of Breast Cancer
Systemic Adjuvant Therapy
Endocrine Therapy
Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer
Special Issues Regarding Therapy
Prevention of Invasive Breast Cancer in Women with Intraductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
Prevention of Invasive Breast Cancer in Women at Increased Risk
Perspectives
References

Pathology, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Breast Cancer Biology, Natural History and Prognostic Markers
Diagnosis and screening, Staging and classification, Psychological aspects of breast cancer, Surgical biology
The Role of Radiation for Invasive Breast Cancer
Systemic Therapy of Breast Cancer, systemic adjuvant therapy, endocrine therapy
Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer, special issues regarding therapy, prevention of invasive breast cancer in women with intraductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), prevention of invasive breast cancer in women at increased risk, perspectives
Additional Readings

Section 32: The Skin

122. Malignant Melanoma - Donald L. Morton, Richard Essner, John M. Kirkwood, and Robert C. Wollman.
History of Melanoma
Epidemiology and Etiology
Familial Melanoma
Precursor Lesions
Clinical Characteristics
Prognostic Features of Clinically Localized Disease
Prognostic Features of Regional Lymph Node Metastases
Prognostic Features of Distant Metastases
Management of Primary Melanoma
Management of Regional Lymph Nodes
Management of Distant Metastases
Future Horizons
References

123. Other Skin Cancers - Victor A. Neel and Arthur J. Sober.
Ultraviolet Radiation in the Genesis of Skin Cancers
Tumors Arising from the Epidermis
Tumors Arising from Mucosa
Tumors Arising from Dermis
Tumors Arising from Appendages
Benign Cutaneous Tumors Associated with Cancer Syndromes
Metastatic Tumors to the Skin
References

Section 33: Bone And Soft Tissue

124. Bone Tumors - Dempsey Springfield and Gerald Rosen.
Staging
Biopsy
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Specific bone tumors
References

125. Soft-Tissue Sarcomas - Peter W.T. Pisters and Brian O'Sullivan.
Etiology
Screening
Clinical Presentation, Classification, and Diagnosis
Staging and Prognostic Factors
Treatment of Localized Primary Disease of the Extremities
Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease
Treatment of Metastatic Disease
Management of Local Recurrence
Signal Transduction Inhibition for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Retroperitoneal Sarcomas
Additional Issues in Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Management
Summary
References

Section 34: Hematopoietic System

126. The Myelodysplastic Syndrome - Lewis R. Silverman.
History
Classification
Etiology
Pathobiology
Clinical Management
Future Directions
References

127. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults - Charles A. Schiffer and Richard M. Stone.
Pathogenesis and Etiology
Morphologic Classification and Clinical and Laboratory Correlates
Presenting Signs and Symptoms
Therapy
Other Supportive Care and Therapeutic Approaches
Complications
Summary
References

128. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia - Richard T. Silver.
Incidence and Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical and Hematologic Characteristics
Terminal Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Cytogenetics
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Test
Molecular Biology of CML
Treatment
Treatment of Blast Crisis Other than with Imatinib Mesylate
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Imatinib Mesylate
Management of CML in 2003
References

129. Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia - Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Hagop M. Kantarjian, and Charles A. Schiffer.
Classification
Genetic and Molecular Alterations
Cytogenetic-Molecular Differences in Childhood and Adult ALL
Evaluation of Minimal Residual Disease
Pharmacogenomics and Mechanism of Drug Resistance
Epidemiology and Etiology
Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Characteristics
Treatment
Central Nervous System Prophylaxis and Therapy
Prognosis Factors in Adult ALL
Salvage Therapy for refractory or Relapsed ALL
Summary and Future Directions in Adult ALL
References

130. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Kanti R. Rai and Michael J. Keating.
Historical Perspective
Pathogenesis and Etiology
Immunobiology and Immunophenotype of CLL cells
Clinical Consequences of Defective B- and T-Cell Functions
Natural History and Terminal Events
Clinical Staging and Other Prognostic Features
Treatment
Conclusion
References

131. Hairy Cell Leukemia - Harvey M. Golomb and James W. Vardiman.
Epidemiology and etiology
Diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia
Clinical manifestation
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Future prospects
References

132. Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms - Richard M. Stone and Steven H. Bernstein.
Mast Cell Biology
Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms
References

133. Hodgkin's Disease - Peter M. Mauch, Lawrence Weiss, and James O. Armitage.
History
Epidemiology and Etiology
Pathology
Treatment of Stage I-II Hodgkin's Disease
Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin's Disease
Summary
References

134. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas - Arnold S. Freedman and Lee M. Nadler.
Epidemiology and etiology
Pathology, immunobiology, and natural history of NHL
Cytogenetics and molecular basis of NHL
Differential diagnosis and sites of disease at presentation
Staging and disease detection
Disease parameters influencing prognosis and assessment of response
Therapeutic approaches according to REAL/WHO classification
New therapeutic approaches
References

135. Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome - Richard T. Hoppe and Youn H. Kim.
Epidemiology and Etiology
Pathology/Pathogenesis
Natural History
Diagnosis
Staging and Prognosis
Therapy
References

136. Plasma Cell Tumors - Noopur Raje, Teru Hideshima, and Kenneth C. Anderson.
Multiple Myeloma
Biology
Prognostic Factors
Treatment
Other Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
References

137. The Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders: Essential Thrombocythemia, Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia, and Polycythemia Vera - David P. Steensma and Ayalew Tefferi.
Essential Thrombocythemia
Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia
Polycythemia Vera
References

Section 35: Neoplasms in Aids

138. Neoplasms in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - David T. Scadden.
Epidemiology
Kaposi Sarcoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin Disease
Squamous Cell Neoplasia
References

Section 36: Unknown Primary Site

139. Neoplasms of Unknown Primary Site - John D. Hainsworth and F. Anthony Greco.
Poorly Differentiated Neoplasms
Adenocarcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
Squamous Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Involving Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
Summary and Future Directions
References

Part VII Pediatric Oncology,

Section 37: Pediatric Oncology

140a. Pediatric Oncology: Principles and Practice - Gregory H. Reaman.
References

140b. Incidence, Origins, Epidemiology - Leslie L. Robison.
Acute leukemia
Central nervous system tumors
Lymphomas
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma
Wilms tumor
Bone tumors
Rhabdomyosarcoma
References

140c. Late Effects of Treatment of Cancer in Children and Adolescents - Daniel M. Green.
Central Nervous System
Vision
Hearing
Teeth
Salivary Glands
The Heart
Lungs
Kidneys
The Bladder
the Liver
The Intestine
Musculoskeletal System
Endocrine System
Second Malignant Tumors
References

141a. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - Paul S. Gaynon, Anne L. Angiolillo, Janet L. Franklin, and Gregory H. Reaman.
Heterogeneity
Induction
Morphological Response and Outcome
Minimal Residual Disease
Post Induction Intensification
Parenteral Methotrexate and Rescue
Presymptomatic Central Nervous System Therapy
Bone Marrow Transplantation in First Remission
Relapse
Conclusions
References

141b. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Children - Richard Aplenc and Beverly Lange.
Epidemiology
Etiology
Classification and Diagnosis
Presentation
Therapy
Prognosis
Complications
Conclusion
References

141c. Primary Central Nervous System Tumors of the Infant and Child - Tobey J. MacDonald and Brian R. Rood.
General Epidemiology
Tumor Biology
Treatment
Astrocytic Tumors
Embryonal Tumors
Ependymal Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
References

141d. Hodgkin's Disease - James Nachman.
Biology
Clinical Presentation and Staging
Treatment
Second Malignant Neoplasms
Cardiac Disease
Pulmonary Toxicity
Fertility Issues
Hypothyroidism
References

141e. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children - Mitchell S. Cairo, Elizabeth Raetz, and Sherrie Perkins.
Epidemiology
Pathology of Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Clinical Presentation and Staging
General Principles of Treatment
Summary/Future Considerations
Acknowledgments
References

142a. Less-Frequently Encountered Tumors of Childhood - Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo and Alberto S. Pappo.
Retinoblastoma
Principles of Treatment
Germ Cell Tumors
Tumors of the Liver
Carcinomas and Melanoma
References

142b. Renal Tumors of Childhood - Paul E. Grundy, Michael L. Ritchey, Elizabeth J. Perlman, and John A. Kalapurakal.
Epidemiology
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Pathology
Clinical Presentation
Preoperative Evaluation
Staging
Therapy
Prognostic Factors
Long-Term Follow-Up
Acknowledgment
References

142c. Neuroblastoma - John M. Maris and Suzanne Shusterman.
Epidemiology
Molecular Pathogenesis
Pathology
Diagnosis and Staging
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Staging
Prognostic Considerations
Principles of Initial Therapy
The Concept of Risk-Related Therapy
Conclusions and Future Considerations
References

142d. Soft-Tissue Sarcomas - William H. Meyer.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
NRSTS
Future Research
Acknowledgments
References

142e. Bone Tumors - Richard G. Gorlick, Jeffrey A. Toretsky, Neyssa Marina, Suzanne L. Wolden, R. Lor. Randall, Mark C. Gebhardt, Lisa A. Teot, and Mark Bernstein.
Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Radiation oncology
Surgery
Summary and Conclusions
References

143a. Unique Pathologic Features of Childhood Cancer - Kadria Sayed and David M. Parham.
Distinct morphologic features
Resemblance to embryonal tissue
Frequent occurrence of undifferentiated tumors
Infrequent association of childhood neoplasms with precursor lesions
Summary
References

143b. Special Considerations for Young Adults and Older Adolescents - W. Archie Bleyer and Karen Albritton.
Definition of Older Adolescent and Young Adult
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lack of Participation in Clinical Trials
Survival
Summary
References

Part VIII Complications,

Section 38: Complications of Cancer and its Treatment

144. Cancer Anorexia and Cachexia - Takao Ohnuma.
Incidence
Etiology
Manifestations of Cachexia
Treatment of Cachexia
Epilogue
References

145. Antiemetic Therapy with Chemotherapy - Richard Gralla.
Physiology and pharmacology in controlling emesis
Emetic problems
Control of emesis and patient characteristics
Treatment of acute chemotherapy-induced emesis
Controlling emesis in special situations
Pharmacoeconomics, quality of life, and antiemetics
Conclusion
References

146. Neurologic Complications - Lisa M. DeAngelis and Jerome B. Posner.
Metastases
Nonmetastatic Complications
References

147. Dermatologic Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy - Narin Apisarnthanarax and Madeleine M. Duvic.
Alopecia
Stomatitis
Nail Reactions
Extravasation Reactions
Hyperpigmentation
Radiation-associated Reactions
Photosensitivity Reactions
Inflammation of Keratoses
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Acral Erythema
Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis
Eccrine Squamous Syringometaplasia
Cutaneous Eruption of Lymphocyte Recovery
Miscellaneous Reactions
References

148. Skeletal Complications - Samuel Kenan and Jeffrey I. Mechanick.
Skeletal Metastases
Steroid-Induced Skeletal Complications
Methotrexate-Induced Osteopathy
Skeletal Complications Secondary to Radiation Therapy
References

149. Hematologic Complications and Blood Bank Support - Richard M. Kaufman and Kenneth C. Anderson.
Normal Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
Causes of Pancytopenia
Abnormalities of Red Cells and Red Cell Support
Abnormalities of White Cells and White Cell Support
Abnormalities of Platelets and Platelet Support
Other Therapeutic Modalities
Effects of Transfusion on the Immune System
Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Transfusion-Related Infectious Diseases
Future Directions in Blood Component Therapy
Conclusion
References

150. Coagulopathic Complications of Cancer Patients - Maria T. DeSancho and Jacob H. Rand.
Physiology of Normal Hemostasis
Relationship of Coagulation System and Cancer
Bleeding Disorders
Anticancer Effects of Anticoagulation Treatment
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Novel Drugs for Treatment of Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders
Summary
References

151. Urologic Complications - Christopher J. Logothetis, Vasily Assikis, and Jose E. Sarriera.
Complications Resulting from Primary Cancer Progression
Algorithm for the Management of Urinary Obstruction
Radiation Nephritis
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Nephrotoxicity of Cancer Therapeutic Agents
Monitoring for Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity
References

152. Cardiac Complications - Michael S. Ewer, Robert S. Benjamin, and Edward T.H. Yeh.
Evaluation of the cardiovascular system in the cancer patient
Metastatic involvement of cardiac structures
Cardiac effects of mediator release from tumors
Cardiac dysrhythmia in the cancer patient
Cardiac complications of cancer treatment
References

153. Respiratory Complications - John C. Ruckdeschel, John Greene, K. Eric Sommers, and Karen K. Fields.
Respiratory infections in patients with cancer
Surgical complications causing dyspnea in cancer patients
References

154. Liver Function and Hepatotoxicity in Cancer - Laurie D. DeLeve.
Alterations in Hepatic Metabolism of Drugs
Liver Toxicity and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Hepatotoxicity by Anticancer Therapy
Conclusions
References

155. Gastrointestinal Complications - Frank A. Sinicrope.
Esophageal Carcinoma
Esophagitis
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Pseudomembranous Colitis
Typhlitis
Ileus and Bowel Obstruction
Acute Colonic Pseudoobstruction
Diarrhea Chemotherapy and Radiation-Related Diarrhea
Biliary Obstruction
Hepatic Complications of Bone Marrow Transplantation
Ascites
Acute Pancreatitis
Radiation Coloproctitis and Proctitis
Anorectal Complications
References

156. Oral Complications - Stephen T. Sonis and Joseph W. Costa.
Pretreatment Assessment
Oral Complications of Radiotherapy
Oral Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy
Oral Complications Associated with Bone Marrow Transplantation
References

157. Gonadal Complications - Catherine E. Klein.
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Historical Background
Preclinical Studies
Effects of Chemotherapy on Gonadal Function
Effects of Radiation Therapy on Gonadal Function
Protective Measures
Outcomes of Pregnancy
Psychosocial Issues
References

158. Endocrine Complications and Paraneoplastic Syndromes - Sai-Ching Jim. Yeung and Robert F. Gagel.
Endocrine Complications
Endocrine Paraneoplastic Syndromes ("Ectopic" Hormone Production)
References

159. Secondary Cancers: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Management - Susan R. Rheingold, Alfred I. Neugut, and Anna T. Meadows.
Incidence of Secondary Cancer
Clinical Characteristics
Shared Environmental Risk Factors
Genetic Risk Factors
Therapy-Related Secondary Cancers
Conclusion
References

Section 39: Infection in the Cancer Patient

160. Infections in Patients with Cancer - Kenneth V.I. Rolston and Gerald P. Bodey.
Factors Responsible for Increased Susceptibility to Infections
Bacterial Infections
Fungal Infections
Viral Infections
Protozoal Infections
Other Parasitic Infections
Abdominal Infection
Perianal Infections
Skin Infections
Therapy of Infections in Neutropenic Patients
Infection Prevention
Perspectives
References

Section 40: Oncologic Emergencies

161. Oncologic Emergencies - Sai-Ching Jim. Yeung and Carmen P. Escalante.
Approach to Acutely Ill Cancer Patients
Circulatory Oncologic Emergencies
Respiratory Oncologic Emergencies
Neurologic Oncologic Emergencies
Other Oncologic Emergencies
References

Part IX Informatics,

Section 41: Oncology and Informatics

162. Oncology Informatics - Edward P. Ambinder.
Healthcare Policy and Information Technology
Medical and Oncologic Informatics
Overview of Computers
Internet
Information Management
Major Internet Resources of Interest to the Oncologist
Cancer.gov
Clinical and Research Uses of Computers in Medical Oncology
References